Climb Every Mountain; Raise Every Dollar

Save the Bees: It's where we get our honey. And money.

Save the Bees: That’s where we get honey. And money.

It seems that Saving the Bees has turned into quite a nice little cottage industry. Although honey bees are more numerous today than any time in history, some people seem intent on telling other people that the honey bees are all dying and if you send them some money, beepocalypse can be avoided. I’ve kept bees for 40 years – both commercially and as a hobby – and I’ve written a book and dozens of magazine articles about bees. I’m committed to their health, welfare, and future prosperity. I like the way people have taken to bees lately and that’s often parlayed into an interest in farming, ecology, and environment. That’s all good.

But it bugs me that there are so many appeals for money to “reverse the decline of honey bees” – even if honey bees aren’t dying en masse. I keep worrying that the public will feel saturated by all the bee pleas. There will be a backlash when the hoax of the disappearing honey bee is exposed. Instead of a sympathetic public wanting to Save the Bees, we may end up with a cynical public telling us to forget about our stupid bees. All because they’ve heard one hyped pitch too many.

At our house, we get daily calls from the Heart, Lung, and Tongue people, the Friends of the Firemen, and Save the Whales (or Whalers) advocates. Most of the callers are paid shills who could just as passionately and persistently sell used cars.  I’m not totally hard-hearted. We give to several charities. I’ve got motor neuron disease, so we know a lot about ALS and give support (plus we contribute to Breast Cancer and Heart-Stroke drives).  These diseases are real, they affect families we know, and we vet charities before handing them our money. Save the Bees NGOs also need vetting.

Ha Ling - one of the mountains to be conquered by the Eco Not Ego fundraisers.

Ha Ling – one of the mountains to be conquered by the Eco Not Ego fundraisers.

This weekend, I heard about yet another bee-saving group. This one is climbing mountains here in my backyard (Calgary, Alberta, Canada) to raise awareness of bee plight. The organization is Eco Not Ego International. The collective (as it calls itself) seems to consist of two people – Spence and Josie. They are new beekeepers who guide Eco Not Ego with actionables that include: “Have Fun” and “Be Impeccable with your Word.” Their vision is to achieve “A world where humanity lives in harmony with nature and every individual is proactive with all aspects of their health.” One of their first awareness-raising campaigns involves climbing some mountains in my neighbourhood while wearing a bee costume and carrying a load of honey.

I became aware of Eco Not Ego because of this CBC news story: Calgarians to climb mountain peaks to highlight plight of ‘stressed’ bees”

The news tale quotes one of the couple “quoting” Einstein:

CBC Einstein quote

“The day the last bee dies, humanity has about four years to live,” said Einstein never. The quote was created by some European beekeepers 40 years after Albert Einstein died. Roni Grosz, curator of Einstein’s papers at Jerusalem University, says he “could not remember even one reference to bees in Einstein’s writings.”  You may also notice that the article, captured in the blue box above, says, “a horrible synergy for the bees [has] … made their populations take a nosedive.”  It hasn’t. Maybe “Being Impeccable with your Word” is an aspiration, not a rule.

The Eco Not Ego money site begins with this sentence: “IN 2015, North America experienced a dramatic decline in honeybee population due to Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD).”  No, No, No! CCD has not been reported in five years, according to Dr Dennis vanEngelsdorp, who discovered it and conducts a survey twice a year searching for CCD.  The number of honey bees in North America increased in 2015: Canada’s numbers grew from 697,000 colonies in 2014 to 722,000 in 2015; in the USA it was 2.69 million in 2014, 3.18 million in July, 2015.  The honey bee population grew a lot – North America did not experience “a dramatic decline”.

Meanwhile, there’s a bizarre collection of organizations involved in the Eco Not Ego websites. I have not figured out the relationship between Eco Not Ego International, which has a gofundme.com fundraising page for the climb, Project Doublebee (which has a goal to double the world’s bee population), the Bee Aware AB campaign (mentioned in the CBC story) and yet another, Save the Bees Canmore Mod-Quad, – but it looks like all roads (and links) eventually lead to the same fundraising site.

bee suit presenter

Part of our school program, offered without charge.

The projected $2,000 to be collected from this bee-plight-awareness campaign would be used in two main ways: bringing bees into schools and showing the public real beehives. These are laudable plans, but people all over our community already do this, as volunteers, for free. In my case, I go (in my wheelchair) to the local elementary schools, take little squares of beeswax, colouring books, a big stuffy bee named Benny, a Powerpoint show, and I spend an hour with the kids. I wouldn’t want paid for this or the materials I give away – raising awareness and teaching kids about bees is payment enough. As far as letting the public meet and greet honey bees in a bee yard, we do that gratis, too, but the CBC News site says that the $2,000 raised by the Eco Not Ego mountaineers will be used for school programs and for “giving people the chance to  interact with bees at [Spence] Madden’s apiaries.”

The pair running Eco Not Ego International, Project Doublebee, Bee Aware AB, and Save the Bees Canmore Mod-Quad are undoubtedly concerned about the environment. They have lofty goals. They are climbing four mountains in 24 hours – much better than sitting on bums, consuming non-renwable resources on exotic holidays, or chugging Moosehead.

But knowing more about biology and using less hyperbole would be helpful. In the Calgary Herald, one of them tells us, “If we don’t have bees, nothing lives.” Really? Nothing lives? The planet had life for 3 billion years before bees evolved. It will have life long after humans and bees are gone.

I’m concerned that misinformation will lead to a backlash. Our environment is a mess, wild bee populations are in danger, and society is going to hell. That’s all true. But we don’t need misspoken words confusing the public. We need verifiable fact or our credibility is bankrupt. We need impeccable words.

Already we see the negative result of overly dramatic appeals to urgently save the bees. The gofundme.com campaign for the mountain climbing publicity escapade has been open for two months. It has not reached its modest $2,000 goal. Not even half. Not even a quarter. As of 3 o’clock this afternoon, $355 appeared in the pledges, yet the mountaineering begins tonight.

Maybe the public’s saturation point has already been reached and the backlash has begun. Inundated with pleas to come Save the Bees, perhaps the public is starting to think go F*@k the Bees.

Posted in Culture, or lack thereof, Outreach, Save the Bees | Tagged , , , , | 9 Comments

Beekeep or Bee-keep?

youre bees

The best beekeepers are not the best grammarians, but that’s OK. There might be an inverse relationship between bee skill and word skill. So we overlook ads that say “Bees’ For Sale” or an e-mail suggesting that  “you should of used more boxes on you’re bee hive’s!”  But if you are writing for publication (a letter to the editor, a bee article, a bee blog), then you should try to follow some basic rules so that poor grammar doesn’t detract from the points you are trying to make.

I’ve certainly had my share of gaffes. I appreciate when a reader sends me a note or tweet letting me know that I have mistyped or poorly phrased something. I try to remember to keep “spell check” on and I try to put an hour or two between something I’ve written and the ‘Publish’ button. Whenever I give myself at least a bit of time between writing and sending, it always results in uncovering some confusing and rambling sentences – like this one, for example.

Occasionally, my wording is intentionally unusual or obscure for effect. However, I strive for clarity over comedy, even if that’s not always apparent. Sometimes I just can’t help but toss in a few bee puns. Nevertheless, if you find my prose bewildering, or if a typo makes something unclear, please let me know. [Last week, I wrote something about Alberta Einstein, and I wasn’t writing about Albert Einstein’s twin sister. A kind reader brought the typo to my attention.]

A few guidelines

If you write about bees, here are a few suggestions. First, our insects are honey bees – not honeybees. There is some confusion on this – according to Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary, “honeybee” and “housefly” and “bedbug” are all spelled as one word. However, according to the Entomological Society’s Common Names of Insects Database, they should be spelled as two words — “honey bee” and “house fly” and “bed bug.” Do the right thing and use two words if you are writing a bee story. This is the way honey bees are denoted in bee journals and beekeeping books. The explanation given by entomologists goes like this: dragonflies and butterflies are not actually flies so butterfly (Lepidoptera) would incorrectly describe the bug as a butter-type of fly, but it’s not a fly (Diptera) at all. A house fly (two words) describes a type of fly commonly found in a house while a honey bee is a type of bee found floating in a jar of honey. 

We keep beehives in bee yards, not bee hives in beeyards. If you have trouble remembering these, try this:  beehives are glued together, just like the word, but hives are scattered around the bee yard, separated like the words in “bee yard”.

Don’t capitalize queen unless Queen Elizabeth is your subject, then you should write Queen Elizabeth. But avoid the mistake made by the British branch of Reuters. Reuters insisted that ‘queen’  must always be capitalized and must always be referred to as Queen Elizabeth, not just the queen. A few years ago they mindlessly printed this sciency piece:

… tens of thousands of worker bees are commanded by Queen Elizabeth… Queen Elizabeth has 10 times the lifespan of workers and lays up to 2,000 eggs a day.

The queen, I think, was not amused and it must have been rather embarrassing for Reuters’ ex-employee.  You could avoid such an epic mistake by being flexible in your rules and by reading over what you’re publishing before hitting the ‘Send’ button.  For other relevant suggestions, peruse  American Bee Journal’s Writers’ Guidelines.

N-Grams

Another set of words we often see misused involves hyphens. Centuries ago, it was fine to write about bee-keeping and queen-bees. You would have been dandy-smack in style a hundred years ago, but not so much today. To prove this, I direct you toward  Google’s cool N-grams feature.  N-grams counts all the times your target words appear in books, journals, newspapers, and magazines for any years you select. With this tool, we can compare the frequency of bee-keeping and beekeeping over the past two centuries. Here’s the graph from Google:

N-gram bee-keeping-2

It’s a little hard to see, isn’t it? (This link takes you to a larger image.) The vertical axis is linear and shows frequency. It’s actually the percentage of times that the target word (“bee-keeping”, for example) appears in print. Both words appeared much more often during the 1940s than they do today (as a percentage of all printed material).  The lower (blue) horizontal track shows how frequently bee-keeping was written in the past. Until 1910, bee-keeping was seen more often than beekeeping. But since that time, beekeeping has been the standard. You may continue to use the old hyphenated word if you prefer, but it will make your writing appear a bit archaic. I don’t always advocate the downward spiral that accompanies the common vernacular, but if you are striving for clarity and don’t want to distract your readers with old expressions and inappropriate usage, than your better-off using the write word’s!  (Please don’t bother sending a note telling me that you’ve discovered mistakes in that last sentence.)

 

Posted in Culture, or lack thereof | Tagged , , | 3 Comments

Millions Dead

Millions of bees are dead following aerial spray of the neurotoxin Naled. The spray was released Sunday morning between 6:30 and 8:30 by a South Carolina county trying to control mosquitoes which may or may not spread Zika and West Nile viruses in the area. Unfortunately, it was hot, bees were bearded out, and many were in the air when the spray planes circled and repeatedly dropped the poison. One witness said she saw the pesticide plane make three separate passes over her farm.  She described the aftermath near her bees as being as quiet as a morgue after the bees had “been nuked”.

Neortoxins, anyone?

Neurotoxins, anyone?

Dorchester County says they warned beekeepers with a newspaper ad two days earlier (who reads newspapers anymore?) and with a Facebook posting one day earlier (Facebook?).  Beekeepers said they hadn’t heard or seen the warnings. Even with warnings, precautions are difficult to implement. Hives need screened so bees are stuck inside, then they need cooled so they don’t die of heat exhaustion.

Moving hives is an option, but beekeepers need access to emergency temporary safe locations and need trucks and equipment for moving their hives. Again, that’s not easy to pull off on short notice.  Some places register beekeepers and send them direct alerts when pesticides are imminent so counter-measures can be attempted, but I suppose that Dorchester County, South Carolina, is not one of those places.

The South Carolina experience reminds us how vulnerable honey bees are to conventional pesticides. Naled was invented in 1959 and kills immediately on contact. The EPA says it is quick-acting, kills immediately on contact by torturing animals (including people) with a complete nervous system shutdown. Beekeepers used to see a lot of this sort of poisoning and death in the 70s and 80s, with entire bee yards wiped out. Commercial beekeepers here in Alberta, Canada, have told me repeatedly that they have not seen such losses from neonicotinoids. Neonics are used ubiquitously on canola in western Canada. They say that farmers used to use millions of tonnes of organophosphates like Naled to control canola-consuming beetles. Before neonics, pesticide bee kills in western Canada were common. This does not absolve neonicotinoids of all guilt in bee deaths elsewhere, but it does indicate why large-scale prairie beekeepers don’t want neonics banned.

Posted in Beekeeping, Commercial Beekeeping, Pesticides | Tagged , , | 4 Comments

The Worker Who Would Be Queen

queen v worker ovarioles

   Queen vs Worker ovariole development. Bottom slide shows ovaries dissected from a healthy queen and a worker from a queen-right colony.
(Creative Commons: Dearden, et al.)

Bees have a complicated social structure which some political scientists have sought to embrace. In the old days, people assumed that the King Bee ruled with an iron fist that imposed order, harmony, sacrifice, and unflinching duty. Now that the curtain has been pulled back, we see that drugs do the trick of maintaining colonial order.

Why waste energy?

In the awkward honey bee society, there are two classes of female – queens and workers. If a queen unexpectedly dies, some workers lay eggs. But workers never mate, so their unfertilized eggs develop into males. I’m not sure what the point is – when a hive is dying from lack of a queen, the last thing the colony needs is a bunch of drones to feed. Why waste energy on drones? I’m sure that an evolutionary biologist could explain this better than I can, but my sense is that the drones – which are little more than cutely packaged gametes – are the dying colony’s last attempt to disperse some genetic material of their once flourishing civilization. The hive will die anyway, so why not scatter some seed to the wind?  You may have seen this in the plant kingdom – after an injury or a killing frost, an enfeebled orange or apple tree will sometimes have a ‘shock’ bloom. It looks pathetic. A sick, weak tree without leaves, but thrusting forth a few bouquets of pungent white flowers. Maybe fruit will grow before the plant dies, perpetuating the tree’s idea of perfect fruit – its own.

laying worker drone brood

Developing drones warping worker cells.

In the hive, the scene is no less pathetic. A queenless colony has a distinctly anxious hum and a disorganized assembly of bees that any experienced beekeeper recognizes immediately. Yet, workers who would be queens optimistically drop eggs into worker cells. Developing drone bees will warp the cells out of shape, squeezing their over-sized bodies into under-sized worker cells.

Signalling sterility

We have long known that the queen’s drugs force workers into placid acceptance of their unfertile state. Once absent, nothing represses the worker females. They begin laying their unfertilized eggs. The main drug – queen mandibular pheromone, or QMP, suppresses the workers’ egg laying. How and why QMP has this power was a mystery until a few days ago.

Researchers at New Zealand’s University of Otago found the actual chemical pathway in cells that suppresses workers’ egg laying. The presence of QMP prevents a Notch signalling response. Notch signalling involves a protein that can cause a change in the way certain cells in an animal develop. In humans, Notch signalling has several roles, including control of how neurons and adult stem cells develop. In fruit flies, Notch signalling enables reproduction. Normally, Notch signalling is essential for the development of cells. But in the worker bee, lead researcher Peter Dearden says, the team was surprised to see just the opposite – “Without active Notch signalling taking place, the worker bee eggs are now able to mature. This contrasts with its role in fruit fly reproduction in which the signalling is vital for fertility.”

Notch signalling is degraded in the presence of QMP, resulting in maturation of eggs in a worker. If signalling is stopped, egg production can begin. Whether the signalling starts when the worker creates eggs or when those eggs begin to grow is not perfectly determined.

According to the research, it’s also not clear if the signalling is inhibited at the bee’s antennae, brain, or ovaries. Nevertheless, the study – published in the scholarly Nature Communications – shows that this protein signalling mechanism is the key to the worker bee’s ability to lay eggs: “…chemical inhibition of Notch signalling overcomes the repressive effect of queen pheromone. This promotes ovary activity in adult worker honeybees. The removal of the queen corresponds with a loss of Notch protein in the germarium…” This study is the first direct link of a molecular mechanism for ovary activity in adult worker bees with the presence of the queen.

queenless worker development

In a queenless colony, workers have different levels of ovarian development.
Here the researchers graded their dissections from undeveloped (Score=0)
to sufficiently developed to lay (unfertilized, haploid) eggs (Score=3).
(Creative Commons: Dearden, et al.)

The scientists say that understanding the mechanism that controls eusociality in honey bees (i.e., the caste system that allows one queen as sole reproducer and a supporting cast of suppressed workers) is important to evolutionary biologists seeking to determine when the caste system first began. The results of this research point to an early adaptation because the Notch signalling system is universal across the animal kingdom. It’s not determined from this, however, exactly when Notch was coerced into its unusual reverse role. I think eusociality’s evolutionary history will be determined in the fossil/amber record, not in biochemistry – but biology is not my long suit.

What’s in it for beekeepers?

To me, some of the supplementary data is more immediately interesting to beekeepers. To test their hypothesis, the scientists conducted experiments with adult worker bees by depriving them of QMP. In absence of the queen pheromone, they noticed that one-third of workers develop egg-laying capacity. In the presence of QMP, 5% of workers are not fully inhibited and can lay eggs. I wasn’t aware of either statistic and was surprised at how high these rates are.

If 5% of workers in a normal queen-right colony are able to lay eggs, do they? That could mean thousands of laying workers in a queen-right hive. Well, in addition to the eusocial biological control (fully developed mated queen vs unfertilized laying workers), the bees have mechanisms in place to deal with errant egg laying. Most worker-laid eggs are disposed by house-keeping bees. As queen pheromones would not be present in eggs laid by workers, other bees treat the eggs as they would treat any bits of garbage.

The other statistic – one-third of workers in queenless, broodless hives can be laying workers, is equally surprising.  I had previously assumed that “a few” workers in a queenless hive become laying workers. My assumption was based on the evidence that I’d seen – rarely are there more than a few hundred worker eggs in a depleted queenless hive. So, my hunch was that ovarian development among workers wasn’t common, even in a fully queenless hive. But the journal paper tells us that “In a queen-less environment, if there is no opportunity to make another queen, approximately one-third of honeybee workers activate their ovaries and lay eggs. These eggs are unfertilized and haploid, and they generate fertile male offspring.”

laying worker eggs

Eggs produced by laying workers. You will rarely see such dramatic production, but multiple eggs in single cells, and cells glued to cell walls instead of bottoms, is common. 
Photo by Michael Palmer/Beesource.com

One-third is a remarkable number. This enlightens the challenge beekeepers face when trying to establish a queen in a hive which has laying workers. Our standard advice is to move the boxes a few metres from the old stand and shake all the workers from the combs. Most laying workers will remain a few metres from the old spot and will not fly back. At the old location, you may reuse the equipment and add some young bees, some brood, and a queen. You won’t always be successful, but you’ve increased your odds of re-queening success from nearly zero to perhaps 70 or 80 percent.

Posted in Bee Biology, Genetics, Queens, Science | Tagged , , , , , | 5 Comments

Should a “Bee City” Ban Honey Bees?

city of the bees by stuartIn February, Toronto became Canada’s first certified Bee City. This week, a bedroom community just outside Calgary became Canada’s second. I heard the news last night on a CBC radio interview of Dr. Preston Pouteaux, a hobby beekeeper who apparently got the bee city project going in Chestermere, Alberta.

Dr. Preston Pouteaux told the radio audience that he became involved in the certification process to raise awareness about the plight of bees. He became interested in bees because he was burned out and he apparently needed some soul comfort (though he didn’t say it quite that way) which he found inside a beehive. He was weary, Dr. Preston Pouteaux explained, partly because of his many years of study. Indeed.  He put quite a few semesters into his education, attending 5 colleges: Covenant College, Briercrest College and Seminary, Regent College (a graduate school of Christian theology), Jerusalem University College, and Tyndale Seminary. After cycling through these Bible schools,  Dr. Preston Pouteaux ended up with his doctorate, likely in something Bible-related.  Today, Dr. Pouteaux is a pastor at Lake Ridge Community Church in Chestermere and he describes himself as “a bumbling backyard beekeeper” with two hives of bees.

chestermere bee cityIt is remarkable that Dr. Pouteaux, a hobby beekeeper with just three years experience, was able to get the community of Chestermere certified as a Bee City. It must have taken a lot of work, especially in his dynamic community. Chestermere has an interesting history. I remember it as a farming village in the 1980s, scattered around an irrigation lake built upon a swamp. From 4,000 people in 2001 to 10,000 in 2006, to 20,000 in 2016, it’s one of Canada’s fastest growing towns. Growth like this, of course, consumes a lot of land that used to be home to a lot of birds and bees.

If groups like Bee City raise awareness of lost bee habitat and try to mitigate the natural disaster caused by runaway population growth, then they are definitely doing an ecological service. Bee City began in the USA in June 2012 when a group within the North Carolina State Beekeepers Association formed Bee City USA and the city of Asheville became certified as America’s first bee city. The project spread across the states and now into Canada.

To become certified by Bee City Canada, a 6-page application is submitted to some Bee City auditors somewhere who assess the applicant city. Applicants need city council approval to proceed and are bound by a set of resolutions and procedures that include

1) establishing a liaison with local government and a facilitator organization;

2) developing a municipal plan that encourages planting native species of flowers;

3) and meeting specific measurable targets of hectares set aside for native pollinators;

4) celebrating National Pollinator Week; and,

5) showcasing “the municipality’s commitment to enhancing native pollinator health through biodiversity and habitat”.

6) documenting all this for annual renewal of the certification.

Of these, having an annual pollinator festival in late June would be the easiest to pull off. But meeting specific measurable targets of hectares set aside in a fast-growing community will be very challenging.

chestermere offical siteIn almost all respects, this pollination certification system is laudable. However, as I researched the Bee City mandate, I found an issue which causes a bit of anxiety for me.  There is a strong emphasis on native plants as sources for native bees’ sup.

This is an initiative about pollinating insects, not honey bees: for example, on the Bee City Canada website, honey bees are never mentioned. Instead, we are told “1 in 3 bites of food we eat is courtesy of insect pollination”. The fact that 95% of those pollinating insects that feed us are honey bees is missed. Projects like Bee City – espousing native plants and native bees – could be hijacked into an anti-honey bee movement. If you’ve forgotten, honey bees are not native to North America. Or South America. Or Australia, New Zealand, India, China, and a whole bunch of places that depend on honey bees for crop pollination and where a whole bunch of people who love ecology, nature, outdoor activities, and communion with buzzers have been keeping honey bees.

Regular readers of this blog may know that I’ve sparred off and on with a brilliant bee research scientist who works at the University of Calgary. Dr Ralph Cartar says this about urban beekeepers: “It is not as rosy as they think. Every joule of honey that they get on their plate or in their jars is a joule that has been robbed from native bees” and urban beekeepers “swamp the world with bees and the competition becomes intense and you risk losing those native pollinators.”

Honey bees are not native to North America. I worry that well-intended policies like Bee City may lead to unforeseen consequences. It may be hard to turn a Bee City initiative (which was started by honey bee keepers in North Carolina) into a honey bee liquidation program, but there are those who will try. Within the resolutions that cities must accept to be designated as a “Bee City” is this ominous requirement: “municipality’s commitment to enhancing native pollinator health”. Note, it says native pollinator.  Enhancing native pollinator health includes banning non-native pollinators. Such as honey bees.

Perhaps the saving grace for the Bee City mandates which are popping up around the country will be that the very people who bring the project to their towns – hobby beekeepers such as Dr. Preston Pouteaux – like honey bees.  As long as the pastor finds solace and sanity in the depths of his hives’ brood chambers, he (and others like him) are unlikely to allow the Bee City movement to turn into an eviction of honey bees from designated bee cities – even if that violates a Bee City resolution.

Posted in Ecology, Outreach, Save the Bees | Tagged , , , , , | 8 Comments

It Doesn’t Take an Einstein

Einstein fake quotes

You’ve seen the memes. Albert Einstein is pictured with a caption that says “if honey bees disappear from earth, humans would be dead within 4 years!”  I got tired of seeing this repeated and decided to dig deeper than  the hyperbole-infested reports on sites like Mind Blowing Facts.  I found an obscure connection to someone other than Einstein for the possible origin of the quote. But Albert Einstein gets popular credit at places like the Agronomist and Huffington Post. Even Time magazine used the quote (with the disclaimer that maybe Einstein didn’t say it), though UK’s Telegraph was more brash.  If you search any variation of Einstein’s purported quote, Google will return over a million relevant links in less than a second.

Einstein search

einsteinbeeThere is, of course,  no record that Einstein said that we’ll all die four years after the last bee sucks her last sip.  He probably never drew pictures of bees on chalkboards. Nor did he write much about canaries, centipedes, or cats. Einstein was not known for his musings in ecology. (He did, however, attend Karl von Frisch’s Princeton lecture on bee language in the spring of 1949. So, he had a little exposure to honey bee science – albeit, very little.)

The Einstein bee quote is tough to disprove. Any quote is hard to disprove – just because we haven’t yet found the source, that doesn’t mean it was never said. But according to Gelf Magazine, Roni Grosz, who takes care of the Albert Einstein Archives at Jerusalem’s Hebrew University, says: “There is no proof of Einstein ever having said or written it,” and Grosz “could not remember even one reference to bees in Einstein’s writings.” You can read links that analyze the unlikelihood of Einstein equating bees with coal mine canaries here, here, and here, so I’m not going to repeat all the known facts.  But this is a superb example of the ‘Halo Effect’ at work:  being greatly talented in one area makes some people believe that the greatness is boundless.

Einstein’s creativity and math skills were amazing and his physics was brilliant beyond reckoning for mere mortals. In my second year of university physics, I learned how to derive Einstein’s concept of the photoelectric effect. It’s beautiful and challenging and worthy the Nobel Prize which Einstein won for it. It’s math intense. People make much of the rumour that young Albert failed mathematics in elementary school, but if the story is true, it says more about the teacher than the grammar school student. (By 15, Einstein had mastered integral calculus.) Even today, we can be amazed by his fluid logic and precise reasoning. His physics was not a haphazard ramble of thought experiments,  scribbles and sketches. Look at the disciplined neatness of this derivation, for example, in Einstein’s own script:

Einstein's notes

One of the reliable sources about the origin of “Einstein’s” bee quote claims that it actually began forty years after Einstein died. In 1994, in Belgium, a beekeepers’ protest erupted over tariffs and honey imports. To strengthen their case, the beekeepers invoked Einstein in their promo materials. I will speculate that those beekeepers confused Albert Einstein with another gifted European – also a Nobel Laureate and also renowned for his philosophical musings. The Belgian Symbolist Maurice Maeterlinck, who won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1911, was a beekeeper. The location of the beekeeper riot and Maeterlinck’s home (both in Belgium) makes the confusion feasible. Maeterlinck used his book The Life of the Bee as a platform to symbolize human civilization. I’ll paraphrase his chapter, The Progress of the Race, in which he conjures the evolutionary history of the Apinae.  Part of it sounds decidedly Einsteinian:

“The Apinae has characteristics so distinct and well-marked that one is inclined to credit all its members with one common ancestor. The disciples of Darwin, Hermann Müller among others, consider a little wild bee, the Prosopis, which is to be found all over the universe, as the actual representative of the primitive bee whence all have issued that are known to us today.
“The unfortunate [primitive] Prosopis compares to the inhabitants of our modern hives as cave-dwellers to those who live in our great cities. You will probably more than once have seen her fluttering about the bushes, in a deserted corner of your garden, without realising that you were carelessly watching the venerable ancestor to whom we probably owe most of our flowers and fruits (for it is actually estimated that more than a hundred thousand varieties of plants would disappear if the bees did not visit them) and possibly even our civilisation, for in these mysteries all things intertwine.”
– Maeterlinck, 1901, The Life of the Bee, pp 388-389.

einstongueAre bees indispensable to human survival? In our myopic world-view, we can’t imagine life without almonds and cranberry sauce, but (as one example) Canada’s Inuit have lived thousands of years in the Arctic without the benefit of bees. To claim the Inuit have no civilization and to dismiss their art and culture because it’s not like ours is simply wrong. They built a society and a civilization without honey bees. Although a third of our crops may be bee-pollinated, two-thirds are not – and that includes rice, wheat, and maize.  However, if the bees go missing, it would be because something has gone dreadfully wrong on our planet and that would be the end of more than just bees.

It doesn’t take an Einstein to know that the sudden extinction of the world’s 22,000 species of bees would be a grim day. One could imagine a nuclear war or an asteroid impact as the cause of such an annihilation. With a global catastrophe, humans would have much less than 4 years to think about the disappearance of the Earth’s bees. Those who use the Einstein quote are trying to remind us that the planet is fragile and our activities are threatening ecology, bees, and ultimately human life and civilization. Although Einstein never said what they say he said, the absence of evidence for Einstein giving us the quote doesn’t change the importance of the message.

AE disappearing

Posted in Culture, or lack thereof, People, Save the Bees | Tagged , , , | 10 Comments

Making Creamed Honey

Brenda and Mike with some of their creamed honey.

Brenda and Mike with some of their creamed honey

If you get the American Bee Journal, you may have seen my article about creamed honey in this month’s issue. I wrote the piece because I think smooth creamy honey is a great product and because some friends of mine make some great creamy honey. My friends are Brenda and Mike. Mike mostly works the bees, some of which are kept at Mike’s place in the Rocky Mountain foothills. Brenda mostly handles the honey smoothing at her home.

I don’t know what you might call this extra smooth honey – some people call it creamed (though no dairy products are involved), spun (though no spinning is involved) or smooth (which it certainly is!).  My article goes through a lot of details which I won’t cover here, but I’ll give you Brenda’s recipe:

smooth honey recipe

It’s actually pretty simple. Heat the honey until it’s completely liquid with no granulation crystals left in it. Cool it to room temperature and stir in some creamy ‘seed’ honey. Stir and stir and stir. Pour it into the final containers and store it in a cool place.  The seed can be creamed honey from your previous batch of creamed honey. If this is your first year making the stuff, you’ll have to get some creamy (“spun”) honey at the grocery or from a friend. After that, keep some in reserve for the next crop. People use from 5 to 20 percent seed, but most add about 10 percent.

creamed honey

Once ‘creamed’, the honey will stay this smooth for months – or even years.

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A Lite Harvest from the FlowHive Super

This gallery contains 4 photos.

Originally posted on Adventures of a beekeeper:
After months and months and after harvesting almost 100 pounds from regular supers, I finally got a little honey from my FlowHive super. I didn’t have the full set-up, just the frames to…

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Drone Congregations

This is a clever turn on Drone Congregation Areas!

BeeNuts's avatarBee-Nuts

Cartoon 19

On summer afternoons scores of male bees (called drones) gather together in specific areas of the sky and wait for virgin queens to join them. When a queen does approach a spectacular chase begins which ends up in the queen being mated several times, and the successful drones instantly dying! (See Performance Anxiety) Most beekeepers would be very excited to see one of these ‘drone congregation areas’.

The cartoon was inspired by Harry, one of our local beekeepers, who has been keeping bees for 70 years.

Last year he got himself a quadcopter (also known as a ‘drone’) and took to the skies in search of drone congregation areas. Problem is I’m not sure which sort!

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EpiPens: $250 in USA; $85 in Canada

Here’s something sure to stir controversy. The price of the life-saving EpiPen went from $50 US (in 2008) to somewhere between $250 and $400 US this month. That’s if you live in the USA.

This morning, I was at the Calgary Co-op Pharmacy here in Alberta, Canada. I asked the fellow behind the counter for a price on the EpiPen. $109 Canadian. (That’s about $85 US.)

epipen price tweetI’m confused about the price in the USA because every story I read uses different numbers. Here, Bernie Sanders says $600 for a set of two. According to Wall Street Journal, some folks were asked to pay $1212 for two packs of two pens – that’s $300 each. These devices save lives, so people will buy them. Sometimes for any price, but sometimes not.

beestingineyeWe have an interest in the price of EpiPens. So should you, if you are a beekeeper or if you know someone with a milk, egg, peanut, bee sting, or other allergy. If you suffer from a typical bee sting reaction, you may get nasty swelling. Sometimes it’s so bad an eye may swell shut for a few days. This is not necessarily a severe allergic reaction but may be just a local response to venom in the skin. Things may go terribly wrong, however, when the victim enters a full anaphylactic shock with swelling throat, arrhythmic heart, and a general allergic response which can quickly be fatal. A shot of epinephrine from an EpiPen can save a life. Am I scaring you? Fright is part of the EpiPen’s marketing strategy. You might like to see Bloomberg’s story: How Marketing Turned the EpiPen Into a Billion-Dollar Business.

Administered promptly, EpiPens can stop an anaphylactic allergic reaction from becoming fatal. Most beekeepers own several kits. They stow them in their truck, along with antihistamine, just in case a worker, family member, or passerby gets stung by a honey bee and has a life-threatening reaction.

mylan 500 percent

Is Mylan, the company that makes and sells EpiPens, gauging customers who would die without the product? The company claims that nearly 80% of all “commercially insured” customers actually get the injection kits for no cost, zero, zip. Even if it’s true (these reporters suggest it’s perhaps not true), that’s a despicable claim because it implies there really is such a thing as a free lunch (and maybe Santa, too). ‘Commercially insured’ means that Blue Cross or some company’s drug plan is paying the full price-gauging price. Here’s how Mylan says it on their website:

“Previously a patient may have paid a $25 co-pay for a prescription regardless of the product cost. Today, with a high deductible health plan, they must pay the full product cost, which they may have previously been unaware of, until their deductible is reached.”

So, if you are upset about paying so much for EpiPens, it’s obviously your fault for not paying for better insurance.  On Mylan’s website, the company rather defensively claims that the problem isn’t that they raised their price, but Mylan claims, people are taking insurance packages with bigger deductibles, so consumers are paying more out-of-pocket and thus are complaining. Why are people taking bigger deductible insurance? Because price-gauging pharmas have forced insurance companies to raise premiums. “Why Did Mylan Hike EpiPen Prices 400%?asks business magazine Forbes. “Because They Could”, says Forbes.

The cost of making and distributing these kits is about $20. Mylan was making a healthy profit before they decided to make an obscene profit. Mylan made a $1.2 billion profit last year. The CEO’s salary went up 700% in three years. The company president, Heather Bresch, received $18 million last year from the company. The company is doing OK. Maybe pen users should hold their noses and buy some shares.

epipen prices

Price for a two-pack of EpiPens

Meanwhile here in Canada, I can’t explain why our corner pharmacy (or others across Canada) sell EpiPens at reasonable prices. They are made by the same company (Mylan) which has a corporate office here. It’s likely related to government oversight, insurance company policies, and the difference in the medical and drug culture between the countries (Americans seem conditioned to pay unhealthy amounts of money for health care).

I won’t recommend that Americans should fly up to Canada to buy this medicine.  I don’t know much about trans-border shopping, but I found this piece, written two years. The blogger writes about driving from Seattle, north to BC, to pick up her life-saving meds for $9.99. Less than ten dollars? Well, that was two years ago.


Here’s an update, 3 days after I posted this story:

Apparently, there’s a way to substitute the EpiPen for just a few bucks.

ten dollar epi-kit

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